References Scientific Research Supporting the SpineCor Principle

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Genetic temporal fault
1.       Bard J. Morphogenesis: The cellular and molecular processes of developmental anatomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. 1990: 164-72.2.       Roth S, Stein D, Nusslein-Vollhard C. A gradient of nuclear localization of protein determines dorsoventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 1989;59: 1189-202.

3.       DeRobertis EM, Oliver G, Wright CVE. Homeobox genes and the vertebrate body plan.Sci Am 1990; Juliy: 46-52.

4.       De Robertis EM, Morita EA, Cho KW. Gradient fields and Homeobox genes [Review].Development 1991; 112:669.

5.       Kauffman SA. The origin of Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993:407-642.

6.       Steven PS. Patterns in Nature. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd 1974.

7.       Adams MS, Niswander JD. Developmental ‘noise’ and a congenital malformation. Genet Res Camb 1967; 10:313-7.

8.       Van Valen L. A study of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution 1962; 16:125-42.

9.       Waddington CH. The strategy of genes. London: Allen & Unwin 1957.

10.    Goldberg CJ, Fogarty EE, Moore DP, Dowling FE. Scoliosis and developmental theory: adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1997 Oct 1; 22(19):2228-37; discussion 2237-8.

11.    Hawes MC, O’Brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1(1):3.

12.    Antaniou J, Arlet V, Goswami T, Aebi M, Alini M: Elevated synthetic activity in the convex side of scoliotic intervertebral discs and endplates compared with normal tissues.Spine 2001, 26:E198-E206.

13.    Chen B, Fellenberg J, Wang H, Carstens C, Richter W: Occurrence and regional distribution of apoptosis in scoliotic discs. Spine 2005, 30:519-524.

14.    Kluba T, Niemeyer T, Gaissmaier C, Grunder T: Human annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulpous cells of the intervertebral disc – Effect of degeneration and culture system on cell phenotype. Spine 2005, 30:2743-2748.

15.    Shea KG, Ford T, Bloebaum RD, D’Astous J, King H: A comparison of the microarchitectural bone adaptations of the concave and convex thoracic spinal facets in IS. J Bone Joint Surg 2004, 86-A:1000-1006.

 

16.    Urban MR, Fairbank JCT, Bibby SRS, Urban JPG: Intervertebral disc composition in neuromuscular scoliosis. Changes in cell density and glycosaminoglycan concentration at the curve apex. Spine 2001, 26:610-617.

17.    Villemure I, Aubin CE, Grimard G, Dansereau J, Labelle H: Progression of vertebral and spinal 3-D deformities in AIS. A longitudinal study. Spine 2001, 26:2244-2250.

18.    Villemure I, Chung MA, Seck CS, Kimm MH, Matyas JR, Duncan NA: The effects of mechanical loading on the mRNA expression of growth-plate cells. Research into Spinal Deformities 2002, 4:114-118.

19.    Keim HA: The Adolescent Spine. 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin; 1987.

20.    Stokes IA, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis – a test of the ‘vicious cycle’ pathogenetic hypothesis: Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis. 2006 Oct 18; 1:16.

21.    Akam M, Dawson I, Tear G. Homeotic genes and the control of segment diversity.Development 1988; 104: 123-33.

22.    Berry CLW. What’s in a homeobox. The development of pattern during embryonic growth [editorial]. Virchoes Arch A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol, 1992; 420: 291-4.

23.    Graham JH, Freemen C, Emlen JM. Antisymmetry, directional asymmetry, and dynamic morphogenis. Genetica 1993; 89: 121-37.

Vertebral growth 1.       Akyuz E, Braun JT, Brown NA, Bachus KN. Static versus dynamic loading in the mechanical modulation of vertebral growth. Spine. 2006 Dec 1; 31(25):E952-8.2.       Walsh AJ, Lotz JC. Biological response of the intervertebral disc to dynamic loading. J Biomech. 2004 Mar; 37(3):329-37.

3.       Stokes IA, Gwadera J, Dimock A, Farnum CE, Aronsson DD. Modulation of vertebral and tibial growth by compression loading: diurnal versus full-time loading. J Orthop Res.2005 Jan; 23(1):188-95.

4.       Hawes MC, O’Brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1(1):3.

5.       Kasperk CJA, Fitzsimmons R, Strong DDV, Mohan SLD BD, Jennings JC, Wergedal JTH AN, Baylink DRM GR. Studies of the mechanism by which androgens enhance mitogenesis and differentiation in bone cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1322-9.

Vertebral wedging\ Localize deformation 1.       Coillard C, Rivard CH. Vertebral deformities and scoliosis European Spinal Journal 1996; 5(2):.91-100.2.       Coillard C, Rivard C H. Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis :  an unsynchronized growth or why a system can turn chaotic. European Spinal Resonnances, 2001; 29; 1123- 1146.

3.       Goldberg CJ, Dowling FE, Fogarty EE, Moore DP. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis as developmental instability. Genetica. 1995; 96(3):247-55.

4.       Galloway JW. Macromolecular asymmetry. In: Bock GR, Mars J, eds. Ciba Foundation Symposium: Biological Asymmetry and handedness. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 1991:16-35.

5.       Somerville EW. Rotational lordosis: The development of the single curve. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1952; 34: 421-7.

6.       Miles M. Lateral vertebral dimensions and lateral spinal curvature. Human Biol. 1944; 16:153-71.

7.       Farkas A. Physiologic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1942; 23: 607-21.

8.       Goldberg CJ, Fogarty EE, Moore DP, Dowling FE. Scoliosis and developmental theory: adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1997 Oct 1; 22(19):2228-37; discussion 2237-8.

9.       Hawes MC, O’Brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1(1):3.

10.    Xiong B, Sevastik JA, Hedlund R, Sevastik B: Radiographic changes at the coronal plane in early scoliosis. Spine 1994, 19:159-74.

11.    Parent S, Labelle H, Skalli W, Latimer B, de Guise J: Morphometric analysis of anatomic scoliotic specimens. Spine 2002, 27:2305-2311.

12.    Villemure I, Aubin CE, Grimard G, Dansereau J, Labelle H: Progression of vertebral and spinal 3-D deformities in AIS. A longitudinal study. Spine 2001, 26:2244-2250

13.    Roaf R: Vertebral growth and its mechanical control. J Bone Joint Surg 1960, 42B:40.

14.    Stokes IAF: Hueter-Volkmann Effect. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 2000, 14:349-357.

15.    Andriacchi T, Schultz AB, Belytschko T, Galante J: A model for studies of mechanical interactions between the human spine and rib cage. J Biomech 1974, 7:497-507.

16.    Aubin CE, Dansereau J, deGuise JA, Labelle H: Rib cage-spine coupling patterns involved in brace treatment of AIS. Spine 1997, 22:629-635.

17.    Mente PL, Aronsson DD, Stokes IAF, Iatridis JC: Mechanical modulation of growth for the correction of vertebral wedge deformities. J Orthop Res 1999, 17:518-524.

18.    Mente PL, Stokes IAF, Spence H, Aronsson DD: Progression of vertebral wedging in an asymmetrically loaded rat tail model. Spine 1997, 22:1292-1296.

19.    Stokes IAF, Gardner-Morse MG: Muscle activation strategies and spinal loading in the lumbar spine with scoliosis. Spine 2004, 29:2103-2107.

20.    Stokes IAD, Spence H, Aronsson DD, Kilmer N: Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth. Implications for scoliosis progression. Spine 1996, 21:1162-1167.

21.    Stokes IA, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis – a test of the ‘vicious cycle’ pathogenetic hypothesis: Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis. 2006 Oct 18; 1:16.

22.    Chen B, Fellenberg J, Wang H, Carstens C, Richter W: Occurrence and regional distribution of apoptosis in scoliotic discs. Spine 2005, 30:519-524.

Postural deformity associated with the spinal deformity 1.       Nguyen VH, Leroux MA, Badeaux J, Zabjek K, Coillard C, Rivard CH. Classification des scolioses thoraco-lombaires gauches selon leur morphologie radiologique et leur géométrie posturale. Annales de chirurgie 1998; 52(8):752-760.2.       De la Huerta F, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Coillard C, Rivard CH. Évaluation stéréovidéographique de la géométrie posturale du sujet sain et scoliotique. Annales de chirurgie 1998; 52(8): 776-783.

3.       Hawes MC, O’Brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1(1):3.

Treatment principle\ Corrective movement\  Global postural changes 1.       Coillard C, Rivard C H. Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis :  an unsynchronized growth or why a system can turn chaotic. European Spinal Resonnances 2001; 29; 1123- 1146.2.       Bernick S, Cailliet R. Vertebral end-plate changes with aging of humain vertebrae. Spine 1982; 7: 87-102.

3.       Hawes MC, O’Brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1(1):3.

4.       Deviren V, Berven S, Kleinstueck F, et al.: Predictors of flexibility and pain patterns in thoracolumbar and lumbar IS. Spine 2002, 27:2346-2349.

5.       Shands AR, Barr JS, Colonna PC, Noall L: End-result study of the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: Report of the research committee of the American Orthopedic Association. J Bone Joint Surg 1941, 23:963-977.

6.       Gram MC, Hasan Z. The spinal curve in standing and sitting postures in children with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1999 Jan 15; 24(2):169-77.

7.       Harrington P: Is scoliosis reversible? In vivo observations of reversible morphological changes in the production of scoliosis in mice. Clin Orthop and Rel Res 1976, 116:103-111.

8.       Stokes IAF, Gardner-Morse MG: Muscle activation strategies and spinal loading in the lumbar spine with scoliosis. Spine 2004, 29:2103-2107.

9.       Maruyama T, Kitagawa T, Takeshita K, Mochizuki K, Nakamura K: Conservative treatment for AIS: can it reduce the incidence of surgical treatment? Pediatric Rehabilitation 2003, 6:215-219.

10.    Mehta MH: Active auto-correction for early adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surgery 1986, 68:682.

11.    Stokes I, Gardner-Morse M. The role of muscles and effects of load on growth. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002; 91:314-7.

12.    Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Etiologic theories of idiopathic scoliosis: neurodevelopmental concepts to be evaluated. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002; 91:15-9.

13.    Stokes IA, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis – a test of the ‘vicious cycle’ pathogenetic hypothesis: Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis. 2006 Oct 18; 1:16.

14.    Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y. The efficacy of Schroth s 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey. Saudi Med J. 2005 Sep; 26(9):1429-35.

Importance of an early intervention in order to correct the bony deformation 1.       Durand H, Salanova C. Brace treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, results in 477 patients. Doctoral thesis. 1991. University of Toulouse, France2.       Coillard C, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Rivard CH. SpineCor – a non-rigid brace for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: post-treatment results. Eur Spine J 2003; 12: p. 141-148

3.       Lonstein JE, Carlson JM. The prediction of curve progression in untreated idiopathic scoliosis during growth. J Bone Joint Surg  1984; 66A: 1061-1071

4.       Harrington P: Is scoliosis reversible? In vivo observations of reversible morphological changes in the production of scoliosis in mice. Clin Orthop and Rel Res 1976, 116:103-111.

5.       Hawes MC, O’Brien JP. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1(1):3.

6.       Ascani E, Bartolozzi P, Logroscino CA, Marchetti PG, Ponte A, Savini R, Travaglini F, Binazzi F, Di Silvestre M: Natural history of untreated IS after skeletal maturity. Spine 1986, 11:784-789.

7.       Xiong B, Sevastik JA, Hedlund R, Sevastik B: Radiographic changes at the coronal plane in early scoliosis. Spine 1994, 19:159-74.

8.       Mehta MH: Pain provoked scoliosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1978, 135:58-65.

9.       Mente PL, Aronsson DD, Stokes IAF, Iatridis JC: Mechanical modulation of growth for the correction of vertebral wedge deformities. J Orthop Res 1999, 17:518-524.

Gender 1.       Jantz RL, Brehme H. Directional and fluztuating asymmetry in the palmar interdigital ridge-counts. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 1993; 51:59-67.
Sub-classification of  the traditional SRS definition of curve types 1.       Ponseti IV, Friedman B.  Prognosis in idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg. Am 1950;32A(2):381-395.2.       Nguyen VH, Leroux MA, Badeaux J, Zabjek K, Coillard C, Rivard CH. Classification des scolioses thoraco-lombaires gauches selon leur morphologie radiologique et leur géométrie posturale. Annales de chirurgie 1998; 52(8): 752-760.
Initial reducibility of the scoliotic curves in the SpineCor brace 1.       Coillard C, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Rivard CH. La réductibilité des scolioses idiopathiques dans le traitement orthopédique. Ann Chir 1999; 53(8):781-791.
Decreased in the spinal deformation & the prominence during the SpineCor treatment 1.       Korovessis PG, Stamatakis MV. Prediction of scoliosis Cobb angle with the use of the scoliometer. Spine 1996; 21:1661-1666.2.      Griffet J, Leroux MA, Badeaux J, et al. Relationship between gibbosity and Cobb angle during treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with the SpineCor brace. Eur Spine J 2000; 9(6):516-522.

 

 

SpineCor brace effectiveness 1.       Coillard C, Leroux MA, Badeaux J, Rivard CH. (2002) SPINECOR: a new therapeutic approach for idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 88: p. 215-217.2.       Coillard C, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Rivard CH. SpineCor – a non-rigid brace for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: post-treatment results. Eur Spine J 2003; 12:141-148.

3.       Vachon V, Coillard C, Zabjek KF, Rhalmi S, Rivard CH. (2006) [Survival analysis of a group of 365 idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with the Dynamic SpineCor Brace]Résonances Européennes du rachis.14(43):p. 1782-1786. French.

4.       Richards BS, Bernstein RM, D’Amato CR, et al. Standardization of criteria for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis brace studies: SRS Committee on Bracing and Nonoperative Management. Spine 2005;30:2068-2075.

5.       Coillard C, Vachon V, Circo C, et al. Effectiveness of the SpineCor brace based on the new standardized criteria proposed by the S.R.S. for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 2007; Accepted for publication.

6.      Vachon V, Circo A, Coillard C, Rivard C.H. Positive outcome in overweight patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated by the SpineCor brace. Accepted to: The 12th World Congress of the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics, July 2007.

Traditional rigid bracing- Inconvenient 1.       Katz DE, Durrani AA. Factors that influence outcome in bracing large curves in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2001;26:2354-23612.       Gabos PG, Bojescul JA, Bowen JR, et al. Long-term follow-up of female patients with idiopathic scoliosis treated with the Wilmington orthosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86-A:1891-1899.

3.       Noonan KJ, Weinstein SL, Jacobson WC, et al. Use of the Milwaukee brace for progressive idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996;78:557-567.

4.       Bassett GS, Bunnell WP, MacEwen GD. Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with the Wilmington brace. Results in patients with a twenty to thirty-nine-degree curve. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986;68:602-605.

5.       Bullmann V, Halm HF, Lerner T, Lepsien U, Hackenberg L, Liljenqvist U. Prospective evaluation of braces as treatment in idiopathic scoliosis. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2004; 142(4): 403-409.

6.       Cochran T, Nachemson A. Long-term anatomic and functional changes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scolisis treated with the Milwaukee brace. Spine 1985;10: 127-133.

7.       Emans JB, Kaelin A, Bancel P, Hall JE, Miller ME. Boston brace system treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: Follow-up results in 295 patients. Spine 1986; 11:792-801.

8.       Green NE. Part-time bracing of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1986; 68A:738-742.

9.       Dickson RA, Weinstein SL. Bracing (and screening): yes or no? J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999;81:193-198.

10.    Goldberg CJ, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, Dowling FE. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the effect of brace treatment on the incidence of surgery. Spine 2001;26:42-47.

11.    Pham VM, Herbaux B, Schill A, Thevenon A. [Evaluation of the Cheneau brace in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.][Article in French] Ann Readapt Med Phys 2006 Nov 27; [Epub ahead of print]

12.    Boisvert J, Cheriet F, Pennec X, et al. Assessment of brace local action on vertebrae relative poses. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:372-7.

13.    Nicholson GP, Ferguson-Pell MW, Smith K, et al. Quantitative measurement of spinal brace use and compliance in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91: 372-377

14.    Helfenstein A, Lankes M, Ohlert K, et al. The objective determination of compliance in treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with spinal orthoses. Spine 2006 Feb 1;31(3):339-44.

15.    Houghton G, McInervey A, Tew T. Monitoring true brace compliance. Proceedings of the Scoliosis Research Society 1986: 101.

16.    Takemitsu M, Bowen JR, Rahman T, Glutting JJ, Scott CB. Compliance monitoring of brace treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2004; 29(18): 2070-2074.

17.    Vandal S. Évaluation de l’impact d’une intervention éducative sur l’assiduité d’adolescentes atteintes de scoliose idiopathique, au port du corset orthopédique. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. 1997.

18.    Fallstrom K, Cochran T, Nachemson A. Long-term effects on personality development in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: influence of type of treatment. Spine 1986;11:756-758.

19.    Sapountzi-Krepia DS, Valavanis J, Panteleakis GP, et al. Perceptions of body image, happiness, and satisfaction in adolescents wearing a Boston brace for scoliosis treatment. J Adv Nurs 2001;35:683-690.

20.    Climent JM, Sanchez J. Impact of the type of brace on the quality of life of Adolescents with Spine Deformities. Spine 1999; 24(18): 1903-1908.

21.    Payne BK, Ogilvie JW, Resnick MD, et al. Does scoliosis have a psychological impact and does gender make a difference? Spine 1997;22:1380-1384.

22.    Kotwicki T, Kinel E, Stryla W, Szulc A. Estimation of the stress related to conservative scoliosis therapy: an analysis based on BSSQ questionnaires. Scoliosis 2007 Jan 3;2:1.

23.    Andersen MO, Andersen GR, Thomsen K, Christensen SB. Early weaning might reduce the psychological strain of Boston bracing: a study of 136 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at 3.5 years after termination of brace treatment. J Pediatr Orthop B 2002; 11(2): 96-99.

24.    Kennedy JD, Robertson CF, Hudson I, Phelan PD. Effect of bracing on respiratory mechanics in mild idiopathic scoliosis. Thorax 1989; 44: 548-553.

25.    Katsaris G, Loukos A, Valavanis J, Vassiliou M, Behrakis PK. The immediate effect of a Boston brace on lung volumes and pulmonary compliance in mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 1999; 8(1): 2-7.

26.    Kearon C, Viviani GR, Kirkley A, Killian KJ. Factors determining pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993 148(2): 288-924.

27.    O’Neill PJ, Karol LA, Shindle MK, Elerson EE, BrintzenhofeSzoc KM, Katz DE, Farmer Kw, Sponseller PD. Decreased orthotic effectiveness in overweight patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87(5): 1069-1074.